Galería Hispánica  --  Histories of Spain & Mexico  --  AP Test Prep  --  External Links  --  Spanish Slang  --  Art/Music

U.S. IMMIGRATION:  Legal and Illegal

1. An immigrant is a foreign national who has been granted the privilege of living and working permanently in the United States.

An illegal alien, also known as an “undocumented alien”, is an alien who has entered the U.S. illegally and is deportable if apprehended, or is an alien who entered the U.S. legally but who has fallen “out of status” and is deportable. This peson is an individual who enters a country at a place other than a designated port-of-entry, in violation of that country’s laws.  Under Title 8 Section 1325 of the U.S. Code, "Improper Entry by Alien," any citizen of any country other than the United States who:

·         Enters or attempts to enter the United States at any time or place other than as designated by immigration officers; or

·         Eludes examination or inspection by immigration officers; or

·         Attempts to enter or obtains entry to the United States by a willfully false or misleading representation or the willful concealment of a material fact;

has committed a federal crime.

Violations are punishable by criminal fines and imprisonment for up to six months. Repeat offenses can bring up to two years in prison. Additional civil fines may be imposed at the discretion of immigration judges, but civil fines do not negate the criminal sanctions or nature of the offense.

2. A person must go through a multi-step process to become a legal immigrant.

1. USCIS (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services) must first approve an immigrant petition for the person, usually filed by an employer or a relative.
2. Then, an immigrant visa number must be available to you, even if you are already inside the U.S.
3. After that, if you are already inside the U.S., you may apply to adjust to permanent resident status.  If you are outside the U.S., you will be notified to go to the local U.S. consulate to complete the processing for an immigrant visa.

3. The Immigration and Nationality Act is a law that governs immigration in the U.S.

4. A permanent residence status will be conditional if it is based on a marriage that was less than two years old on the day you were given permanent residence.

5. Applicants for adjustment to permanent resident status are eligible to apply for a work permit while their cases are pending.  As a lawful permanent resident, you should receive a permanent resident card that will prove that you have a right to live and work in the U.S. permanently.

6. If a person is applying for adjustment to permanent resident status, he/she must receive in advance the permission to return to the U.S., if they are traveling outside of the U.S. This advance permission is called Advance Parole.  If they do not obtain advance parole before leaving the country, they will abandon their application with USCIS and may not be permitted to return to the U.S.

7. If a person wants to become a lawful permanent resident based on the fact that they have a relative who is a citizen of the U.S., or a relative who is a lawful permanent resident, they must also go through a multi-step process.

1. The USCIS must approve an immigrant visa petition I-130 that is filed by the relative sponsoring and must be accompanied by proof of your relationship to the requesting relative.
2. The Department of State must determine if an immigrant visa number is immediately available to the foreign national, even if they are already inside the U.S..  When an immigrant visa number is available, it means that the immigrant can aply to have one of the visa numbers assigned to him/her.
3. If the person is already inside the U.S., they may apply to change their status to that of a lawful permanent resident after a visa number becomes available to them.
4. The sponsor must meet certain criteria:

1. They must be a citizen or lawful permanent resident of the U.S. and be able to provide documentation providing that status.
2. They must prove that they can support you at 125% above the mandated poverty line, by filling out an Affidavit of Support.
3. If the sponsor is a citizen, they may petition for the following foreign national relatives to immigrate to the U.S.:

1. Husband or Wife
2. Unmarried child under 21 years.
3. Unmarried son or daughter over 21
4. Married son or daughter of any age
5. Brother or sister, if the sponsor is at least 21 years old.
6. Parent, if the sponsor is at least 21 years old.

4. If the sponsor is a lawful permanent resident, they may petition for the following foreign national relatives to immigrate to the U.S.:

1. Husband, wife
2. Unmarried son or daughter of any age.

5. The sponsor must be able to provide proof of the relationship.

VISAS:

1. Immigrant visa numbers are based on the preference category under which they fall.

2. The immediate relatives of U.S. citizens, do not have to wait for an immigrant visa number to become avalable once the visa petition filed for them is approved by USCIS.  A number will become immediately available.  The relatives in the remaining categories must wait for a number to become available according to the following preferences.

1. First preference:  Unmarried, adult sons and daughters of U.S. citizens, 21 or older.
2. Second:  Spouses of lawful permanent residents, their unmarried children under 21, and the unmarried sons and daughters of lawful permanent residents.
3. Third:  Married sons and daughters of U.S. Citizens.
4. Fourth:  Brothers and sisters of adult U.S. Citizens.

3. Once USCIS receives the visa petition, it will either be approved or denied.  If approved, the petition will be sent to the Department of State National Visa Center, where it will remain until a visa number is available.

LAWFUL PERMANENT RESIDENCY

1. Lawful Permanent Residency is oftened referred to as the “green card”.  It gives the person an official immigration status in the U.S.

2. If a person has been present in the U.S. since January 1, 1972, he/she may be eligible for the registry provisions under immigration laws allowing them to obtain lawful permanent residence even if they are illegally in the U.S. now, or if they initially entered the U.S. illegally.

3. A person is eligible then to apply for permanent residence if they:

1. entered prior to Jan. 1, 1972
2. Have continuously resided in the U.S. ever since entry
3. Is a person of good moral character.
4. Are neither ineligible for citizenship, except for the requirement of five years of lawful permanent residence, nor inadmissible for participation in terrorist activities, certain criminal or security grounds, or for alien smuggling.
5. Never participated in Nazi persecutions or genocide.

4. Applicants who are inside the U.S. and have filed to make application for permanent residence are eligible to apply for a work permit while their case in pending.

5. 10,000 immigrant visas per year are available to qualified individuals seeking permanent resident status on the basis of their engagement in a new commercial enterprise.  The purpose is to promote economic growth through increased export sales, improved regional productivity, creation of new jobs, and increased domestic capital investment.

6. Also, each year the Diversity Lottery program makes 55,000 immigrant visas available through a lottery to people who come from countries with low rates of immigration to the U.S.

IMMIGRATION THROUGH EMPLOYMENT

1. Foreign nationals and employers must first determine if the person is eligible for lawful permanent residency.
2. Most employment categories require that the U.S. employer complete a labor certification request form for the applicant and then submit it to the Department of labor.  That department must either grant or deny the certification request. Qualified physicians who will practice medicine in an area of the U.S. which has been certified as underserved by the Health service are exempt of this requiremnt.

3. The USCIS must approve an immigrant visa Petition for Alien Work for the person wishing to immigrate.  The employer files this petition on behalf of the worker and acts as the sponsor for the applicant.

4. The State Department must give the applicant an immigrant visa number.

5. If the applicant is already in the U.S., they must apply to adjust to permanent resident status after a visa number becomes available.

1. Priority Workers are:  those of extraordinary ability in science, art, education, business or athletics, those who are outstanding professors or researchers, those that are manangers and executives.
2. Second Priority:  workers who have exceptional ability in sciences, arts or business, those with advanced degrees, qualified physicians.
3. Third:  workers with bachelor’s degrees, skilled workers, and unskilled workers, religious workers, employees and former employees of the U.S. Government abroad.

U.S. CITIZENSHIP:  The 14^th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

“All persons born or naturalized in the U.S., and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the U.S. and of the state wherein they reside.  No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the U.S.; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

Citizenship is one of the most coveted gifts that the U.S. government can bestow, and the most important immigration benefit that USCIS can grant.  Most people become citizens in one of three ways:

1. By birth, either within the territory of the U.S. or to U.S. citizen parents, or
2. By Naturalization, that is to say the process of becoming a citizen.
3. By adoption; any child under the age of 18 who is adopted by a U.S. citizen and immigrates to the U.S.

Being a permanent resident is viewed as a privilege and not a right.

1934 Appendix D -- Grounds for Judicial Deportation

A judicial order of deportation can be requested only if the offense for which the alien will be sentenced renders such alien deportable on one or more of the following grounds:

·         Crime of Moral Turpitude, 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(2)(A)(i)

The alien must be convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude committed within five years after the date of entry, and sentenced to confinement or confined therefor for one year or longer. Although the conviction must occur within five years of entry, any entry into the United States may be used to support the charge of deportability.

The term "involving moral turpitude" is difficult to define with precision. However, a challenge to this designation as being unconstitutionally vague has been rejected.

Chu v. Cornell, 247 F.2d 929 (9th Cir. 1957), cert. denied 355 U.S. 892 (1958). Administrative case law has characterized moral turpitude as "a nebulous concept, which refers generally to conduct that shocks the public conscience." Obviously, offenses such as murder, voluntary manslaughter, kidnaping, robbery, and aggravated assaults involve moral turpitude. However, assaults not involving dangerous weapons or evil intent have been held not to involve moral turpitude. Conspiracy, attempt, or being an accessory involves moral turpitude if the underlying offense involves moral turpitude. There is administrative and judicial case law holding that any crime having as an element the intent to defraud is a crime involving moral turpitude. See Gordon and Mailman, Immigration Law and Procedure, § 75.05[1][d].

A sentence of confinement of one year or more is sufficient even if the sentence is entirely suspended. However, a single crime of moral turpitude in which a sentence of less than one year is imposed would not be a ground for deportation under section 1252(a)(2)(A)(i), but the same offense might provide a basis for deportability as an aggravated felony.

·                                 Multiple Criminal Convictions, 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(2)(A)(ii)

A conviction for two or more crimes involving moral turpitude at any time after entry would render an alien deportable, so long as the offenses did not arise out of a single scheme, and regardless of whether the alien was confined therefor. Conceivably, two misdemeanor convictions, not arising out of a single scheme, for crimes involving moral turpitude would make an alien deportable under this provision.

·                                 Aggravated Felony 8 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(2)(A)(iii)

An alien convicted of an "aggravated felony," as defined in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43), is deportable. The Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994 expanded the number of aggravated felony offenses. (Some, but not all aggravated felonies, would also be crimes involving moral turpitude.) Aggravated felonies now include:

1. murder;
2. illicit trafficking in a controlled substance;
3. illicit trafficking in firearms, destructive devices, or explosive materials;
4. money laundering or engaging in a monetary transaction in property derived from specific unlawful activity if the amount of the funds exceeded $100,000;
5. offenses described in various sections of Title 18 relating to explosive materials or firearms;
6. crimes of violence for which the term of imprisonment imposed is at least 5 years;
7. crimes of theft or burglary for which the term of imprisonment imposed is at least 5 years;
8. offenses described in various sections of Title 18 relating to the demand or receipt of ransom;
9. offenses described in 18 U.S.C. § 2251, 2251A, or 2252 relating to child pornography;
10. an offense described in 18 U.S.C. § 1962 relating to investing income derived from racketeer-influenced organizations;
11. offenses relating to owning, controlling, managing, or supervising a prostitution business or an offense described in various sections of Title 18 relating to slavery, peonage, and involuntary servitude;
12. offenses relating to gathering or transmitting national defense information, disclosing of classified information, treason, or intentionally disclosing the identity of undercover intelligence agents;
13. offenses involving fraud in which the loss to the victim exceeds $200,000, or tax evasion in which the revenue loss to the government exceeds $200,000;
14. an offense relating to alien smuggling for commercial advantage;
15. an offense under 18 U.S.C. § 1546(a) which constitutes trafficking in fraudulent documents for which the term of imprisonment imposed is at least 5 years;
16. an offense relating to failure to appear by a defendant for service of sentence if the underlying offense is punishable by imprisonment for a term of 15 years or more; and
17. any attempt or conspiracy to commit one of the above offenses.

NOTE: The various other grounds for deportation set forth in 8 U.S.C. § 1251 do not provide a basis for a request for a judicial order of deportation.

PRESIDENT BUSH’S STATE OF THE UNION SPEECH 2004

“Tonight I also ask you to reform our immigration laws, so they reflect our values and benefit our economy. I propose a new temporary worker program to match willing foreign workers with willing employers, when no Americans can be found to fill the job. This reform will be good for our economy - because employers will find needed workers in an honest and orderly system. A temporary worker program will help protect our homeland - allowing border patrol and law enforcement to focus on true threats to our national security. I oppose amnesty, because it would encourage further illegal immigration, and unfairly reward those who break our laws. My temporary worker program will preserve the citizenship path for those who respect the law, while bringing millions of hardworking men and women out from the shadows of American life.”

President Bush's Proposal for Immigration Reform

Principles of Immigration Reform -- The President's proposal is based on several basic principles:

·  Protecting the Homeland by Controlling Our Borders: The program should link to efforts to control our border through agreements with countries whose nationals participate in the program. It must support ongoing efforts to enhance homeland security.

·  Serve America's Economy by Matching a Willing Worker with a Willing Employer: When no American worker is available and willing to take a job, the program should provide a labor supply for American employers. It should do so in a way that is clear, streamlined, and efficient so people can find jobs and employers can find workers in a timely manner.

·  Promoting Compassion: The program should grant currently working undocumented aliens a temporary worker status to prevent exploitation.

Participants would be issued a temporary worker card that will allow them to travel back and forth between their home and the U.S. without fear of being denied re-entry into America.

·  Providing Incentives for Return to Home Country: The program will require the return of temporary workers to their home country after their period of work has concluded. The legal status granted by this program would last three years, be renewable, and would have an end. During the temporary work period, it should allow movement across the U.S. borders so the worker can maintain roots in their home country.

·  Protecting the Rights of Legal Immigrants: The program should not connect participation to a green card or citizenship. However, it should not preclude a participant from obtaining green card status through the existing process. It should not permit undocumented workers to gain an advantage over those who have followed the rules.

Temporary Worker Program

President Bush does not support amnesty because individuals who violate America's laws should not be rewarded for illegal behavior and because amnesty perpetuates illegal immigration. The President proposes that the Federal Government offer temporary worker status to undocumented men and women now employed in the United States and to those in foreign countries who have been offered employment here. The workers under temporary status must pay a one-time fee to register in the program, abide by the rules, and return home after their period of work expires. There would be an opportunity for renewal. In the future, only people outside the U.S. may join the temporary worker program, and there will be an orderly system in place to address the needs of workers and companies.

·  American Workers Come First: Employers must make every reasonable effort to find an American to fill a job before extending job offers to foreign workers.

·  Workplace Enforcement of Immigration Laws: Enforcement against companies that break the law and hire illegal workers will increase.

·  Economic Incentives to Return Home: The U.S. will work with other countries to allow aliens working in the U.S. to receive credit in their nations' retirement systems and will support the creation of tax-preferred savings accounts they can collect when they return to their native countries.

·  Fair and Meaningful Citizenship Process: Some temporary workers will want to remain in America and pursue citizenship. They should not receive an unfair advantage over those who have followed the law, and they will need to be placed in line for citizenship behind those who are already in line. Those who choose the path of citizenship will have an obligation to learn the facts and ideals that have shaped America's history.

·  Reasonable Annual Increase of Legal Immigrants: A reasonable increase in the annual limit of legal immigrants will benefit those who follow the lawful path to citizenship.

Benefits to America of the Temporary Worker Program

·  A more prosperous economy -- for America. The program would allow workers to find jobs and employers to find workers, quickly and simply.

·  A more secure homeland -- to improve the efficiency and management of all people who cross our borders. It is in the interest of the Nation, and each community, to identify foreign visitors and immigrants and make clear the nature of their intentions.

·  A more compassionate system -- to protect all workers in America with labor laws, the right to change jobs, fair wages, and a healthy work environment.

Homeland Security and Border Enforcement

·  Border Patrol has increased from a strength of 9,788 on September 11, 2001 to 10,835 on December 1, 2003. Between ports of entry on the northern border, the size of the Border Patrol has tripled to more than 1,000 agents. In addition, the Border Patrol is continuing installation of monitoring devices along the borders to detect illegal activity.

·  The Bush Administration's Operation Tarmac was launched to investigate businesses and workers in the secure areas of domestic airports and ensure immigration law compliance. Since 9/11, DHS has audited 3,640 businesses, examined 259,037 employee records, arrested 1,030 unauthorized workers, and participated in the criminal indictment of 774 individuals.

·  President Bush announced the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS), an Internet-based system that is improving America's ability to track and monitor foreign students and exchange visitors.

Over 870,000 students are registered in SEVIS. Of 285 completed field investigations, 71 aliens were arrested.

·  This week, the US-VISIT program began to digitally collect biometric identifiers to record the entry and exit of aliens who travel into the U.S. on a visa. Together with the standard information, this new program will confirm compliance with visa and immigration policies.

Courtesy of The White House

How Can You Live, Work and/or Study in the U.S.? Let Us Count the Ways....

Many Different Visa Options

People often say "I want to come live in the United States. Please tell me what to do."

Among the multiple answers, none are simple. Although, if you find that one visa is a perfect match for you, it might indeed be a relatively simple process.

Visas: What is the Reason for Your Move?

People cannot simply move to another country because they want to. You have to be coming to join immediate relatives (parents, children, spouses or siblings), to be a student, to do a job, to start a company, to invest money; you have to have a reason that is much more concrete than simply "because I want to."

Depending on your basis for immigrating, you will either be applying to come temporarily, on a temporary visa, or permanently, with the intention of applying for a green card, and perhaps eventually, citizenship.

Review all the visa, humanitarian and parole types below.

If you do not qualify for any of these, your only choices are illegal immigration (a very poor choice), or the green card lottery.

Will You Qualify?

Once you have decided upon your reason, or your "basis" for immigration (living in the United States permanently) or a temporary visa (living in the United States temporarily), you will need to:

Find out if Your Reason (basis) Qualifies

Does the government (in general terms) think your reason for coming to America is a good one, and do you meet the criteria (rules) for applying?

If you do, you will then need to apply, and to prove that you qualify (that you can follow the rules).

Prove it

You can not just say "I have enough money to support myself," or "I have a job offer," or "I plan to study," or "I am going to invest money."

In nearly all cases, you will need to have bonafied proof of these circumstances, and will need to follow-through with your plans. Tracking of foreigners in the United States has improved since 9/11, and continues to improve.

Side note: This is part of the reason that the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) has been replaced by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), which belongs to the Department of Homeland Security: organization, tracking and security when it comes to foreign nationals in the United States.

Note #1: Staying Six or Fewer Months?

If you only plan to visit the United States for up to six months, this page probably does not apply to you. Instead, see the page on tourist and business visas instead.

However, if you are already on a tourist visa and have decided you want to stay in the United States, you are in the right place.

Note #2: If you already have a green card and want to apply for citizenship, you should visit our citizenship page instead. Since you must have a green card for at least 3-5 years before you can apply for citizenship, you should stay on this page unless you already have your green card.

Legitimate Reasons to Immigrate

The following are legitimate reasons for coming to live in the United States, and each has a corresponding visa or designated status:

I.Employment

If you are employed, as a legitimate employee, in a position which requires you to work in the U.S.A, either in a U.S. company or a foreign company with offices in the United States, you may be eligible for one of the following:

Employment-Related Visas for You and Your Family:

All of these visas allow for your spouse and children to accompany you. Generally, extended family, personal helpers (translators, physical therapists, etc.), business affiliates or domestic household help (nannies, maids) cannot come with you, unless they qualify for a visa under their own circumstances.

·  Temporary Professionals - H-1B Visas

These temporary visas require an employer to sponsor you, and both you and the employer must qualify. You will need a degree or equivalent experience related to the sponsoring job. These visas are usually for three years, with a three year extension possible.

·  Temporary Agricultural Workers – H-2A Visas

You will need to find a legal farm job to get this visa, and the farmer or employer of farm personnel will have to apply for the visa for you.

These visas are usually seasonal.

·  Temporary Skilled and Unskilled Workers – H-2B Visas

These temporary visas cover a variety of jobs. They are not used for agricultural [farm] workers, and are not usually for degreed professionals or high-tech workers. You must have a job offer and an employer willing to sponsor you. These visas are for one year, but may be extended to three years under certain circumstances.

·  Professional Trainees – H-3 Visas

If professional training exists in the U.S. that you cannot obtain at home, you may be eligible for this trainee visa, with a maximum two-year stay in the United States.

·  Nurses – H-C Visas

·  Intracompany Transfers - L Visas

If the company you have been with for a year or more is a parent, subsidiary or affiliate of a U.S. company, and is willing to transfer you to operations in the U.S., you may qualify for this type of visa, for a duration of 5-7 years.

·  Representatives of Foreign Media – I Visas

If you are an employee or contracted freelancer for a foreign media source (or local media source that is foreign-owned), such as a newspaper, television or radio station, you may qualify for this visa. It is issued in increments of one year, but there is no limit on how many times it can be issued.

·  Religious Workers – R Visas

If you are a religious worker, and have been for two years or more, you can ask a related religious organization in the U.S. to sponsor you for work. This visa can be issued for up to five years.

·  Athletes, Artists and Entertainers – P Visas

Those coming to the U.S. to join a sponsoring athletic team or an entertainment group, or artists and entertainers who are coming as part of a cultural exchange, to engage in performances that are "culturally unique," may qualify for one of the P visas.

·  Canadian and Mexican Professionals Under NAFTA Or TN Visas

Under NAFTA or a TN visa, Canadians and Mexicans may be able to enter to conduct business in the United States. For NAFTA qualification, you must be in growth, manufacture or production, sales, distribution, marketing, after-sales service or general service. And you must be paid by a foreign source. A TN is similar to an H-1B visa, without a cap, and only for Mexican and Canadian citizens in certain professions.

·  Government Representatives: A, G and Nato Visas

If you are a diplomat, a foreign official or an employee of a foreign government,you’re your services are needed in the United States, you may be eligible to live in the United States under one of these options.

·  Employment-based Green Cards

Certain professionals, individuals with extraordinary abilities, outstanding professors and researchers, and skilled workers may be able to apply for a green card right away, skipping the temporary work visa phase.

The qualifications for an employment-based green card are generally more stringent than those for a temporary visa, so if you don’t think you will qualify for any working visa, this won’t offer much hope. There are preferences and different waiting times depending on how important your job is to a U.S. company or — in general — to the country.

II.Self-employment If you are an independent contractor of freelancer, there is limited opportunity, and it demands a great deal of you, but you may qualify for one of the following visas for:

Independent Professionals:

Treaty Traders and Investors: E visas

If you want to engage in the promotion of international commerce (for example, open a shop in which you will sell products imported from your country), or to directly engage in a business in which you have substantially invested funds, an E visa may be for you. E visas can require proof and/or investment of substantial sums of money. Such visas are only issued for five years, but may be renewed continuously.

Persons of Extraordinary Ability – O Visas

For the following categories, applicants might be considered either employed or independent. See the Employed-based Visa category above for details:

Representatives of Foreign Media – I Visas

Athletes, Artists and Entertainers – P Visas

Canadian and Mexican Professionals Under NAFTA – TN Visas

If you are going to be studying in the United States, Going through training, or participating in a cultural exchange program, you may qualify for one of the:

Students, Trainees and Exchange Visitors Visas:

Academic Students & Their Immediate Family Members: F Visas
Vocational Students & Their Immediate Family Members: M Visas

Professional Trainees – H-3 Visas

Exchange Visitors – J Visas

International Cultural Exchange Visitors – Q Visas

If you are the husband, wife or child of an American citizen or green card holder, you may qualify for one of these:

Family-based visas:

Fiancés and Spouses of American Citizens, and their Children - K Visas
Certain Qualifying Spouses and Children of U.S.

Green Card Holders – V Visas

Family-Based Green Cards

If you are suffering from cruel and inhuman treatment in your own country, but not related to poverty alone, you may qualify for one of the following immigration statuses under:

Humanitarian Entry:

Victims of Human Trafficking: T Visas
Amnesty
Refugee Status
Asylum

Government Representatives

After you have determined that you might qualify under the rules, you need to educate yourself on all the details of the visa. Some visas allow you to live in the United States, but not work here. Some allow for one year and one year only here.

With some visas, you have to promise that you have no intention of staying here permanently.

These qualifying factors are extremely important. Why? If you plan to come here as a student and hope to later get another kind of visa and stay here forever, and the government realizes your intentions, you will be denied your student visa. That’s just one of many such examples.

It’s crucial that you understand the rules and guidelines for the visa you are applying for. Staying up-to-date on these issues is essential. Furthermore, rules, guidelines and laws change from time to time, and in the world of immigration, what you don’t know could hurt you!

No one said coming to America was easy (or maybe they did?), but the right reasons and a good amount of patience will help you get in and stay in good standing.

The pros and cons of immigration reform follow below:

A POPULARIZED LIST OF PROS AND CONS OF IMMIGRATION REFORM